800–1199

Zubaydah bint Ja’far endows the pilgrim road from Kufa to Mecca with wells, pools, dams, milestones, fire signals and rest houses over 1,300 km — the road takes her name

Al-Baleed flourishes at Salalah, its Chinese finds placing Oman on the Silk Road to the sea

The yeok stations take shape under Goryeo — horses, fodder and a bed for an official on the envoy road, and the state feeds movement rather than the merchant

Quanzhou becomes the Emporium of the World, its port linked to Muscat and Zanzibar

A hospice for Christian pilgrims is established at the Muristan in Jerusalem

The Hospital of St John is formally recognised; the Hospitallers become an order — hospitality organised as an international institution of care

The Gothic, German and Danish yards stand at Novgorod — walled compounds holding market, warehouse and bed at once, where a foreign merchant was required to trade and forbidden to trade anywhere else

Robat Sharaf is built on the Mashhad road — a Seljuk caravanserai four centuries before Shah Abbas

The Hospitallers rebuild at Akko: fortress, hospital, church and hospice together, and the Knights’ Halls survive